Manual
Typing kallisto produces a list of usage options, which are:
kallisto 0.46.0
Usage: kallisto <CMD> [arguments] ..
Where <CMD> can be one of:
index Builds a kallisto index
quant Runs the quantification algorithm
bus Generate BUS files for single-cell data
pseudo Runs the pseudoalignment step
merge Merges several batch runs
h5dump Converts HDF5-formatted results to plaintext
inspect Inspects and gives information about an index
version Prints version information
cite Prints citation information
Running kallisto <CMD> without arguments prints usage information for <CMD>
The usage commands are:
index
kallisto index builds an index from a FASTA formatted file of target sequences. The arguments for the index command are:
kallisto 0.46.0
Builds a kallisto index
Usage: kallisto index [arguments] FASTA-files
Required argument:
-i, --index=STRING Filename for the kallisto index to be constructed
Optional argument:
-k, --kmer-size=INT k-mer (odd) length (default: 31, max value: 31)
--make-unique Replace repeated target names with unique names
The Fasta file supplied can be either in plaintext or gzipped format. Prebuilt indices constructed from Ensembl reference transcriptomes can be download from the kallisto transcriptome indices site.
quant
kallisto quant runs the quantification algorithm. The arguments for the quant command are:
kallisto 0.46.0
Computes equivalence classes for reads and quantifies abundances
Usage: kallisto quant [arguments] FASTQ-files
Required arguments:
-i, --index=STRING Filename for the kallisto index to be used for
quantification
-o, --output-dir=STRING Directory to write output to
Optional arguments:
--bias Perform sequence based bias correction
-b, --bootstrap-samples=INT Number of bootstrap samples (default: 0)
--seed=INT Seed for the bootstrap sampling (default: 42)
--plaintext Output plaintext instead of HDF5
--fusion Search for fusions for Pizzly
--single Quantify single-end reads
--single-overhang Include reads where unobserved rest of fragment is
predicted to lie outside a transcript
--fr-stranded Strand specific reads, first read forward
--rf-stranded Strand specific reads, first read reverse
-l, --fragment-length=DOUBLE Estimated average fragment length
-s, --sd=DOUBLE Estimated standard deviation of fragment length
(default: -l, -s values are estimated from paired
end data, but are required when using --single)
-t, --threads=INT Number of threads to use (default: 1)
--pseudobam Save pseudoalignments to transcriptome to BAM file
--genomebam Project pseudoalignments to genome sorted BAM file
-g, --gtf GTF file for transcriptome information
(required for --genomebam)
-c, --chromosomes Tab separated file with chromosome names and lengths
(optional for --genomebam, but recommended)
kallisto can process either single-end or paired-end reads. The default running mode is paired-end and requires an even number of FASTQ files represented as pairs, e.g.
kallisto quant -i index -o output pairA_1.fastq pairA_2.fastq pairB_1.fastq pairB_2.fastq
For single-end mode you supply the --single flag, as well as the -l and -s options, and list any number of FASTQ files, e.g
kallisto quant -i index -o output --single -l 200 -s 20 file1.fastq.gz file2.fastq.gz file3.fastq.gz
FASTQ files can be either plaintext or gzipped.
Important note: only supply one sample at a time to kallisto. The multiple FASTQ (pair) option is for users who have samples that span multiple FASTQ files.
In the case of single-end reads, the -l option must be used to specify the average fragment length. Typical Illumina libraries produce fragment lengths ranging from 180–200 bp but it’s best to determine this from a library quantification with an instrument such as an Agilent Bioanalyzer. For paired-end reads, the average fragment length can be directly estimated from the reads and the program will do so if -l is not used (this is the preferred run mode). For reads that are produced by 3’-end sequencing, the --single-overhang option does not discard reads where the expected fragment size goes beyond the transcript start.
The number of bootstrap samples is specified using -b. Note that because of the large amount of data that may be produced when the number of bootstrap samples is high, kallisto outputs bootstrap results in HDF5 format. The h5dump command can be used afterwards to convert this output to plaintext, however most convenient is to analyze bootstrap results with sleuth.
kallisto quant produces three output files by default:
- abundances.h5 is a HDF5 binary file containing run info, abundance esimates, bootstrap estimates, and transcript length information length. This file can be read in by sleuth
- abundances.tsv is a plaintext file of the abundance estimates. It does
not contains bootstrap estimates. Please use the
--plaintextmode to output plaintext abundance estimates. Alternatively,kallisto h5dumpcan be used to output an HDF5 file to plaintext. The first line contains a header for each column, including estimated counts, TPM, effective length. - run_info.json is a json file containing information about the run
Optional arguments
-
--biaslearns parameters for a model of sequences specific bias and corrects the abundances accordlingly. -
-t, --threadsspecifies the number of threads to be used both for pseudoalignment and running bootstrap. The default value is 1 thread, specifying more than the number of bootstraps or the number of cores on your machine has no additional effect. -
--fr-strandedruns kallisto in strand specific mode, only fragments where the first read in the pair pseudoaligns to the forward strand of a transcript are processed. If a fragment pseudoaligns to multiple transcripts, only the transcripts that are consistent with the first read are kept. -
--rf-strandedsame as--fr-strandedbut the first read maps to the reverse strand of a transcript. -
--fusiondoes normal quantification, but additionally looks for reads that do not pseudoalign because they are potentially from fusion genes. All output is written to the filefusion.txtin the output folder.
Pseudobam
--pseudobam outputs all pseudoalignments to a file pseudoalignments.bam in the output directory. This BAM file contains the pseudoalignments in BAM format, ordered by reads so that each pseudoalignment of a read is adjacent in the BAM file.
A detailed description of the SAM output is here.
GenomeBam
--genomebam constructs the pseudoalignments to the transcriptome, but projects the transcript alignments to genome coordinates, resulting in split-read alignments. When the --genomebam option is supplied at GTF file must be given with the --gtf option. The GTF file, which can be plain text or gzipped, translates transcripts into genomic coordinates. We recommend downloading a the cdna FASTA files and GTF files from the same data source. The --chromosomes option can provide a length of the genomic chromosomes, this option is not neccessary, but gives a more consistent BAM header, some programs may require this for downstream analysis. kallisto does not require the genome sequence to do pseudoalignment, but downstream tools such as genome browsers will probably need it.
bus
kallisto bus works with raw FASTQ files for single-cell RNA-Seq datasets. For each read the cell barcode and UMI information and the equivalence class resulting from pseudoalignment are stored in a BUS file output.bus stored in the output directory directory, along with matrix.ec and transcripts.txt which store information about the equivalence classes and transcript names for downstream processing.
kallisto 0.46.0
Generates BUS files for single-cell sequencing
Usage: kallisto bus [arguments] FASTQ-files
Required arguments:
-i, --index=STRING Filename for the kallisto index to be used for
pseudoalignment
-o, --output-dir=STRING Directory to write output to
-x, --technology=STRING Single-cell technology used
Optional arguments:
-l, --list List all single-cell technologies supported
-t, --threads=INT Number of threads to use (default: 1)
To process the output.bus file further use bustools; examples of downstream processing can be seen in dataset specific notebooks available from the bustools repository.
Running kallisto bus -l gives a list of currently supported single cell technologies
List of supported single-cell technologies
short name description
---------- -----------
10xv1 10x version 1 chemistry
10xv2 10x version 2 chemistry
10xv3 10x version 3 chemistry
CELSeq CEL-Seq
CELSeq2 CEL-Seq version 2
DropSeq DropSeq
inDrops inDrops
SCRBSeq SCRB-Seq
SureCell SureCell for ddSEQ
When specifying the input the short name can be used to indicate the technology.
Additionally kallisto bus will accept a string specifying a new technology in the format of bc:umi:seq where each of bc,umi and seq are a triplet of integers separated by a comma, denoting the file index, start and stop of the sequence used. For example to specify the 10xV2 technology we would use 0,0,16:0,16,26:1,0,0. The first part bc is 0,0,16 indicating it is in the 0-th file (also known as the first file in plain english), the barcode starts at the 0-th bp and ends at the 16-th bp in the sequence (i.e. 16bp barcode), the UMI is similarly in the same file, right after the barcode in position 16-26 (a 10bp UMI), finally the sequence is in a separate file, starts at 0 and ends at 0 (in this case stopping at 0 means there is no limit, we use the entire sequence).
pseudo
kallisto pseudo runs only the pseudoalignment step and is meant for usage in single-cell RNA-seq. The arguments for the pseudo command are:
kallisto 0.46.0
Computes equivalence classes for reads and quantifies abundances
Usage: kallisto pseudo [arguments] FASTQ-files
Required arguments:
-i, --index=STRING Filename for the kallisto index to be used for
pseudoalignment
-o, --output-dir=STRING Directory to write output to
Optional arguments:
-u --umi First file in pair is a UMI file
-b --batch=FILE Process files listed in FILE
--single Quantify single-end reads
-l, --fragment-length=DOUBLE Estimated average fragment length
-s, --sd=DOUBLE Estimated standard deviation of fragment length
(default: -l, -s values are estimated from paired
end data, but are required when using --single)
-t, --threads=INT Number of threads to use (default: 1)
The form of the command and the meaning of the parameters are identical to the quant command. However, pseudo does not run the EM-algorithm to quantify abundances. In addition the pseudo command has an option to specify many cells in a batch file, e.g.
kallisto pseudo -i index -o output -b batch.txt
which will read information about each cell in the batch.txt file and process all cells simultaneously.
The format of the batch file is
#id file1 file 2
cell1 cell1_1.fastq.gz cell1_1.fastq.gz
cell2 cell2_1.fastq.gz cell2_1.fastq.gz
cell3 cell3_1.fastq.gz cell3_1.fastq.gz
...
where the first column is the id of the cell and the next two fields are the corresponding files containing the paired end reads. Any lines starting with # are ignored. In the case of single end reads, specified with --single, only one file should be specified per cell.
When the --umi option is specified the batch file is of the form
#id umi-file file-1
cell1 cell_1.umi cell_1.fastq.gz
cell2 cell_2.umi cell_2.fastq.gz
cell3 cell_3.umi cell_3.fastq.gz
...
where the umi-file is a text file of the form
TTACACTGAC
CCACTCTATG
CAGGAAATCG
...
listing the Unique Molecular Identifier (UMI) for each read. The order of UMIs and reads in the fastq file must match. Even though the UMI data is single end we do not require or make use of the fragment length.
When run in UMI mode kallisto will use the sequenced reads to pseudoalign and find an equivalence class, but rather than count the number of reads for each equivalence class, kallisto counts the number of distinct UMIs that pseudoalign to each equivalence class.
h5dump
kallisto h5dump converts
HDF5-formatted results to
plaintext. The arguments for the h5dump command are:
kallisto 0.46.0
Converts HDF5-formatted results to plaintext
Usage: kallisto h5dump [arguments] abundance.h5
Required argument:
-o, --output-dir=STRING Directory to write output to
merge
kallisto merge can merge the results of several batches performed by pseudo, this creates a single output as if kallisto had ben run on the entire sample.
kallisto 0.46.0
Computes equivalence classes for reads and quantifies abundances
Usage: kallisto merge [arguments] ouput-directories
Required arguments:
-i, --index=STRING Filename for the kallisto index to be used for
pseudoalignment
-o, --output-dir=STRING Directory to write output to
inspect
kallisto inspect can output the Target de Bruijn Graph in the index in two ways, as a file in GFA format or it can map the contigs of the graph and and equivalence classes in a BED format that can be visualized using IGV
kallisto 0.46.0
Usage: kallisto inspect INDEX-file
Optional arguments:
-G, --gfa=STRING Filename for GFA output of T-DBG
-g, --gtf=STRING Filename for GTF file
-b, --bed=STRING Filename for BED output (default: index + ".bed")
version
kallisto version displays the current version of the software.
cite
kallisto cite displays the citation for the paper.